As I was reviewing the performance of my once healthy investment portfolio, I found a couple standouts: Omega Healthcare Investors (OHI) and Realty Income Corporation (O). Let's take a look at how rising interest rates affect REIT price performance. It's not as bad as you think.
I knew my REITs were performing well. But I didn't realize how dramatically these two publicly traded REITs have been performing. Both OHI and O have outperformed the S&P 500.
A common assumption investors have is that when interest rates rise, real estate tends to fall. The reason is due to rising borrowing costs. As a result, purchasing power goes down. The Fed may start hiking again to cool potential inflation post pandemic.
Let's look into more detail why higher interest rates don't necessarily hurt REIT and real estate performance overall and may actually be a positive signal for the industry as a whole.
Why Do Interest Rates Rise?
To better understand the correlation between real estate and interest rates, let's first discuss a couple reasons why interest rates rise in the first place.
One reason interest rates rise is due to higher appetite for riskier assets during a strong economic environment. When things are booming, you want to press for maximum returns. Therefore, investors tend to sell less risky assets such as bonds, which have provided closer to a 4% – 5% historic annual return and buy stocks, which have provided closer to an 8% – 10% historical annual return.
Another reason interest rates rise is that a strong economy is often accompanied by inflationary pressure. With a tighter labor market, wages tend to increase. With higher labor input costs, product prices also tend to increase and so forth. One of the Fed's main goals is to keep inflation at roughly 2%. In order to do so, it will raise the Fed Funds rate to reduce inflationary pressure.
With higher short-term interest rates, longer-term interest rates tend to also increase in a normal rising yield curve. Everything from mortgage rates, new-car loan rates, credit card rates, and CD rates all tend to follow suit. If money market and CD rates get high enough, eventually there will be a shift away from riskier assets and back toward lower risk assets.
If interest rates rise too fast and too high, however, turbulence with all investments tend to ensue. Therefore, it is important for the Federal Reserve to clearly telegraph its intentions to the market. Once its intentions are clear, investors and active managers of property can focus on fundamentals.
Higher Interest Rates And Property Values
History illustrates that commercial property returns have more often increased rather than decreased during periods of rising rates. According to the National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries (NCREIF), in the 21 years between 1996 and 2017, 19 quarters were affected by rising interest rates, all of which resulted in positive commercial property returns.
Why would this be?
It would seem that growing demand for real estate in a strong economy more than offsets the negative effects of higher borrowing costs.
Several other factors determine overall real estate performance, including capitalization rate spreads over the 10-year treasury yield, the outlook for economic growth, real estate market fundamentals, and more.
That said, there are always risks that might affect current economic growth that investors worry about, such as political uncertainty and monetary policy that may lead to volatility in real estate.
Interest Rates And REIT Total Returns
Source: NAREIT
This is a chart that NAREIT prepared showing that listed equity REITs performed well, and consistently, during the nearly two decades from 1999 to 2017, specifically during periods of rising interest rates.
Another factor that may affect total returns is the ability of owners of commercial real estate to raise rents and generate higher returns during good economic times. For property types where leases are shorter term like multifamily, leases renew more frequently, thereby giving the landlord more opportunities to raise rents versus properties with longer-term leases.
There is no guarantee that landlords will receive the increased rental rates from their tenants. I tried in 2017 for my SF rental and failed due to a significant increase in inventory.
If interest rates rise due to an improving economy, however, commercial real estate landlords have the power to raise rents to keep pace with rising rates, and values can potentially strengthen because of higher rents.
REIT Performance When The Federal Reserve Starts Hiking
Of course, REITs can and do underperform under an interest rate change regime. REITs can also underperform if the Fed signals a much more aggressive interest rate hiking outlook versus expectations.
But based on history, underperformance tends to be relatively short-term, according to Cohen & Steers. This is because, generally, the Fed’s decision to increase interest rates reflects the signals it sees of an expanding economy, such as increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for consecutive quarters and low unemployment rates.
For evidence that weakening REIT performance during a rate-hike period is often short-lived, consider this statistic from a Cohen & Steers report: Data measured over the last 20 years show that three months after a change in the Federal Funds Rate, U.S. REITs outperformed stocks by 1.5%. As more time passed, one year after interest rate increased, REITs outperformed stocks by 7.7%.
Source: Cohen & Steers research report
A Broader Real Estate Picture
When an investor purchases a bond, the coupon rate and its maturity date are both fixed, which makes this investment more sensitive to interest rate fluctuations. As rates rise, the value of a fixed-rate bond tends to fall, and vice versa.
A REIT's value, by contrast, is not fixed. REITs have active managers that invest in real estate. The management team operating a REIT can grow its value and increase investor distributions by growing the REIT's asset base, increasing rents, adding income-generating services to the properties they own, and other accretive measures.
In other words, not all REITs and eREITs are created equal. As an investor, we must not only understand the macroeconomic backdrop, but we must also choose the best managers. Take a look at this performance chart which gives a broader picture.
Not All REITs Are Created Equal
As you can see from the chart, the Vanguard Real Estate ETF (VNQ in pink) has actually underperformed the S&P 500 (purple) by about 3% YTD. VNQ can be considered a main REIT index fund. Therefore, it shows that the managers at OHI and O have done things to help their respective REITs outperform. In OHI's case, there may have been some positive regulatory changes as well.
Meanwhile, you can see how homebuilding stocks KBH, Lennar, and Pulte have gotten slaughtered, down 27% – 38% for the year. In a rising interest rate environment that reduces purchasing power of home buyers, the homebuilding sector is most directly affected. If they sell fewer homes, their earnings will get hit.
Related: A Great Investor Knows How To Connect The Dots – (Talks about using publicly-traded REITs as a barometer to make winning private real estate investments)
Second Point About REITs Performing In A Rising Interest Rate Environment
The stark contrast in share price performance between REITs and homebuilders tells me that in a rising interest rate environment, it's better to be a commercial property landlord than a single family home builder or flipper. There will be a time when individuals can consider fixing and flipping houses again for profit. But that time does not seem to be now if the homebuilding stocks are any indicator.
If the Federal Reserve can stay somewhat transparent and only gradually raise the Fed Funds rate, I'm confident the REIT sector and the real estate market overall won't collapse, and may even outperform stocks. The Fed doesn't want to raise more aggressively than what it's already telegraphed because it also has a full employment target objective.
There are plenty of moving parts when it comes to real estate investing which will cause short-term volatility. There's no guarantee that REITs will outperform over the next several years either. But over the long run, real estate has proven to be a solid long-term investment.
Achieve Financial Freedom Through Real Estate
Real estate is my favorite way to achieving financial freedom because it is a tangible asset that is less volatile, provides utility, and generates income. By the time I was 30, I had bought two properties in San Francisco and one property in Lake Tahoe. These properties now generate a significant amount of mostly passive income.
In 2016, I started diversifying into heartland real estate to take advantage of lower valuations and higher cap rates. I did so by investing $810,000 with real estate crowdfunding platforms. With interest rates down, the value of cash flow is up. Further, the pandemic has made working from home more common.
Take a look at my two favorite real estate crowdfunding platforms that are free to sign up and explore:
Fundrise: A way for accredited and non-accredited investors to diversify into real estate through private eFunds. Fundrise has been around since 2012 and has consistently generated steady returns, no matter what the stock market is doing. For most people, investing in a diversified eREIT is the way to go.
CrowdStreet: A way for accredited investors to invest in individual real estate opportunities mostly in 18-hour cities. 18-hour cities are secondary cities with lower valuations, higher rental yields, and potentially higher growth due to job growth and demographic trends. If you have a lot more capital, you can build you own diversified real estate portfolio.
Related:
Buy Utility, Rent Luxury (BURL): The Real Estate Investing Strategy To Follow
Thank you for doing the math to prove this. I would not have known to do it this way, and you are really helping increase my financial knowledge.
I have been a fan of REITS for a while now. I have a fair investment in one that is centered in NYC real estate. The idea being that I lived there, and live near it. I know the pulse of the market, and how it’s doing. That gives me more comfort with other markets that I could be invested in.
Sam, ty for clarifying the merit and opportunity set in owning publicly traded REITs in a rising interest rate environment. While in the short term a bit of pricing volatility may show up as the Fed raises rates, based on history this is likely a temporary environment of price erosion and more so an opportunity to pounce on the misconception of most individual AND institutional investors.
With a long term perspective, perhaps a 10% +\- allocation to publicly traded REITs (or if preferred, held directly though Crowdfunding Real Estate, or a combination of the two) may be warranted. FYI, Yale’s Swensen advocates closer to a 20% allocation for individual investors who are longterm oriented. Also, owning publicly traded REITs affords daily liquidity and the ideal flexibility to trim winners and/or add to losers. Lastly, holding the majority of public REIT exposure in an IRA environment will help you to sidestep the yoy taxation inherent from the rewarding dividend payouts pushed to owners of publicly traded REIT shares.
Have some capital ready to deploy so you can buy the dips, even if it’s a small amount. I’m a real estate developer and home builder so in the past I’ve been hestitant to put anything into REITs bc then my income and investments would be heavily skewed towards real estate. But then again REITs provide a steady hands-off approach to investing in real estate and was a sector I was missing out on.
I bought a small amount of OHI, O, and VNQ in February when the market corrected. I reinvested all dividends; combined those three REITs are up 25% since then. OHI itself is up almost 40% since then. I bought as a bit of a contrarian play since those three had been beaten down when I got in.
Congrats. What about some takeaways and learning experiences you can share with the audience?
thanks for the detailed post.
Cool! I always learn something new on your blog. Fascinating charts and data points! I haven’t held REITs before but now I know more for when I do.
First of all, thank you for your content. Found your website about 3 months ago and really like it.
I’m commenting for the first time because I actually own some OHI as well. What do you think about EPR? That one has done even better for me, although maybe I had beginner’s luck when I picked those 2 as they are my only individual REIT holdings.
From a broader perspective, seeing these 2 holdings outperform recently makes me wonder if it makes sense to replace them with a low cost index fund, since I’m not confident in their long term performance. So I’m wondering, what kind of things do you consider when thinking about locking in gains?
STOR is up ~30% with 4.5% dividend. Even better it has mostly commercial properties said to be immune to Amazon effect. I suspect it could be acquired, since it reminds me of Symetra which was later bought by Sumitomo Life for a nice return.
In which account do you hold those REITs? I’ve been more of a fan of crowd sourced REITs due to the tax benefits.
I believe that dividends from OHI and O would be treated as ordinary income. With my crowd funded investments I get a big dividend and then sometimes show a loss on my taxes due to depreciation.
Economic theory shows a negative correlation between interest rates and asset prices (i.e., interest rate increases lead to asset price decreases) because higher financing costs make assets more expensive to purchase.
Increases in price move the market equilibrium point inward along the demand curve to have more supply and less demand, thus creating a surplus.
I think it might be the case that pricing in these REITs fell but total return might increase due to a stronger economy. Strong economic activity can allow landlords, commercial real estate developers, and other property owners to offset increased borrowing costs by raising rents and thereby elevating the total return.
But as we’re seeing across the nation, home price increases are moderating as interest rate increase. Your observation of the Fed’s interest rate transparency and trajectory are likely spot on regarding how the REIT sector and real estate market will perform going forward.
I like and own some VNQ, but your chart made me sad.
I don’t know if this a dumb question, but does the size of the REIT matter in terms of performance? VNQ’s net assets are much more than O and OHI.
I have a good allocation in VNQ and I’m a bit sad too. VNQ is an index so they reflect the whole market. O and OHI probably will get hit a bit down the line, I think.
Short term REITs follow much of the logic you say.
Where REITs get slammed (and all commercial real estate) is down the line when balloon payments come due and rates are higher if a recession comes down during that time defaults pop up.
Example, the cap rates many folks are buying properties these day are just above the purchase interest rates what happens when the rates reset 3% higher 5 years after purchase if they purchased on a 1% spread… risk is there and what I’m seeing in my market… just my 2 cents.
I really did learn something new from this post Sam, thank you. I always worried that a rising interest rate environment would put a lot of pressure on real estate in general as well as REITS. The fact that VNQ has not been doing well this year sort of confirmed that opinion.
But what you stated makes a lot of sense, especially the ability to raise rents to offset the increased cost of borrowing.
This makes sense regarding an established property that you are holding long term. How do you feel rising interest rates effect the sellers and buyers of these properties?
A seller of a multifamily building for instance tends to want to get a property under contract with the lowest CAP rate. However with a rising interest rate, I would expect that the CAP rate has to go up in a deal (why would a buyer of a property put money in a project that has a low CAP rate when could easily have a similar return (if interest rates high enough) In a far less risky asset liked fixed income?
That is my fear that would precipitate devaluation of commercial properties and thus cause crowdfunding real estate platforms and private syndicators to have trouble offloading their assets. Some have spoken that we are at the end of a real estate cycle because of this rising interest environment.